P-LDPC coded image transmission with OFDM over underwater acoustic channel

Aymen M. Al-Kadhimi; Ammar E. Abdelkareem; Charalampos C. Tsimenidis

doi:10.14311/AP.2024.64.0068

Authors

Aymen M. Al-Kadhimi Al-Nahrain University, College of Information Engineering, Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Al Jadriah, 10070 Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-0027
Ammar E. Abdelkareem Al-Nahrain University, College of Information Engineering, Department of Computer Networks Engineering, Al Jadriah, 10070 Baghdad, Iraq
Charalampos C. Tsimenidis Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering, 50 Shakespeare Street, NG1 4FQ Nottingham, The United Kingdom

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14311/AP.2024.64.0068

Keywords:

channel coding, P-LDPC, OFDM, underwater, polar code, bit error rate

Abstract

Underwater environment is still an attractive area to explore and exploit by human beings. However, underwater characteristics limit communications due to harsh channel conditions, and efficient channel codes are essential to deploy. This study presents an underwater system based on protograph low-density parity check (P-LDPC) codes and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for image transmission. The system proves a successful reconstruction of P-LDPC coded images with different levels of comparison. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using nine objective measures such as bit error rate (BER) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). Firstly, the proposed system performance is evaluated with different block lengths of P-LDPC code. Then, the implemented system shows a coding gain of approximately 1.75 dB for applying P-LDPC when compared to polar with cyclic redundancy check at 0.0001 BER. Additionally, image subjective assessment is obtained to demonstrate how the P-LDPC outweighs polar and turbo product codes in terms of estimated image quality. Lastly, further investigation is performed to study the effect of varying fast Fourier transform (FFT) size and cyclic prefix (CP) length on image reserved quality. The results show that the received image is better reconstructed for larger FFT sizes since that produce longer CP and symbol duration, and that in turn helps the system to combat the multipath fading introduced by the underwater channel.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

T. Qiu, Z. Zhao, T. Zhang, et al. Underwater internet of things in smart ocean: System architecture and open issues. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 16(7):4297–4307, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2946618

A. Amar, G. Avrashi, M. Stojanovic. Low complexity residual Doppler shift estimation for underwater acoustic multicarrier communication. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 65(8):2063–2076, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2016.2630039

W. Kim, H. W. Moon, Y. J. Yoon. Adaptive triangular deployment of underwater wireless acoustic sensor network considering the underwater environment. Journal of Sensors 2019:6941907, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6941907

W. Zhang, J. Wang, G. Han, et al. A cluster sleep-wake scheduling algorithm based on 3D topology control in underwater sensor networks. Sensors 19(1):156, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010156

Z. Xu, Q. Chen, Y. Li, et al. Designing protograph LDPC codes for differential chaotic bit-interleaved coded modulation system for underwater acoustic communications. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11(5):914, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050914

A. Goalic, J. Trubuil, N. Beuzelin. Channel coding for underwater acoustic communication system. In OCEANS 2006, pp. 1–4. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2006.307093

S. Roy, T. M. Duman, V. McDonald, J. G. Proakis. High-rate communication for underwater acoustic channels using multiple transmitters and space-time coding: Receiver structures and experimental results. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 32(3):663–688, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2007.899275

J. Huang, S. Zhou, P. Willett. Nonbinary LDPC coding for multicarrier underwater acoustic communication. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 26(9):1684–1696, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2008.081208

L. Wan, H. Zhou, X. Xu, et al. Adaptive modulation and coding for underwater acoustic OFDM. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 40(2):327–336, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2014.2323365

Z. Chen, X. Xu, Y. Chen. Application of protograph-based LDPC codes in underwater acoustic channels. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), pp. 923–927. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCC.2014.6986332

Z. Chen, X. Xu, Y. Chen. Finite-length EXIT analyses for protograph LDPC codes over underwater acoustic channels. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), pp. 1–6. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCC.2017.8242532

Y. Inoue, D. Hisano, K. Maruta, et al. Deep joint source-channel coding and modulation for underwater acoustic communication. In 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1–7. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685931

S. K. Padala, J. D’Souza. Performance of spatially coupled LDPC codes over underwater acoustic communication channel. In 2020 National Conference on Communications (NCC), pp. 1–5. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCC48643.2020.9056068

Y. Wang, W. Song, G. Fortino, et al. An experimental-based review of image enhancement and image restoration methods for underwater imaging. IEEE Access 7:140233–140251, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932130

C. O. Ancuti, C. Ancuti, C. De Vleeschouwer, P. Bekaert. Color balance and fusion for underwater image enhancement. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 27(1):379–393, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2017.2759252

A. S. Abdul Ghani, N. A. Mat Isa. Automatic system for improving underwater image contrast and color through recursive adaptive histogram modification. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 141:181–195, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.07.021

A. Khan, S. S. A. Ali, A. S. Malik, et al. Underwater image enhancement by wavelet based fusion. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Underwater System Technology: Theory and Applications (USYS), pp. 83–88. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/USYS.2016.7893927

S. Vasamsetti, N. Mittal, B. C. Neelapu, H. K. Sardana. Wavelet based perspective on variational enhancement technique for underwater imagery. Ocean Engineering 141:88–100, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.06.012

H. Kasban, M. A. M. M. K. El-Bendary. Performance improvement of digital image transmission over mobile WiMAX networks. Wireless Personal Communications 94(3):1087–1103, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3671-4

ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network. 5G; NR; Multiplexing and channel coding (3GPP TS 38.212 version 17.1.0 release 17), 2022.

A. M. Al-Kadhimi, A. E. Abdulkareem, C. C. Tsimenidis. Performance enhancement of LDPC codes based on protograph construction in 5G-NR standard. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 30(4):1–10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.1

J. Chen, M. P. C. Fossorier. Near optimum universal belief propagation based decoding of low-density parity check codes. IEEE Transactions on Communications 50(3):406–414, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/26.990903

Z. Zhou, K. Peng, A. Krylov, et al. Enhanced adaptive normalized min-sum algorithm for layered scheduling of 5G-NR LDPC codes. In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), pp. 1–5. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/BMSB49480.2020.9379739

E. Arikan. Channel polarization: A method for constructing capacity-achieving codes for symmetric binary-input memoryless channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 55(7):3051–3073, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2009.2021379

R. M. Pyndiah. Near-optimum decoding of product codes: Block turbo codes. IEEE Transactions on Communications 46(8):1003–1010, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1109/26.705396

I. Tal, A. Vardy. List decoding of polar codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 61(5):2213–2226, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2015.2410251

H. A. Naman, A. E. Abdelkareem. Self-interference cancellation in underwater acoustic communications systems using orthogonal pilots in IBFD. Acta Polytechnica 63(1):23–35, 2023. https://doi.org/10.14311/AP.2023.63.0023